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Wang also stated it was necessary to defend in opposition to “the infiltration of overseas hostile forces,” which the ICT said was a reference to the Dalai Lama and Tibetans outdoors Tibet. According to Radio Free Asia, a neighborhood supply stated that in April authorities notified senior monks at Larung Gar Tibetan Buddhist Institute that no new enrollments would be allowed and ordered no new residents be admitted to reside and examine there. The supply stated, “If the institute learns that any new residents have been admitted, those enrollees are to be turned away immediately.” The supply mentioned authorities warned that failure to adjust to government orders would result in harsh insurance policies being imposed. Authorities banned minors under age 18 from participating in any monastic training. In January RFA reported authorities sentenced Dina Eganbayurt, a prominent ethnic Kazakh artist and graduate of the Xinjiang Arts Institute, in a secret trial in April 2018 to three years’ imprisonment in an internment camp. Authorities didn't notify her household of the costs towards her, sources in the region said. There have been reviews that celebration leaders and branches of the UFWD, SARA, and the state-controlled BAC continued to station party and authorities officers, including safety agents, in monasteries in Tibetan areas. Provincial, prefectural, county, and native governments continued to determine police stations or safety workplaces adjacent to or on the premises of many monasteries and nunneries. While no updated statistics have been out there, sources estimated that in 2018 greater than 15,000 authorities workers were working in approximately 3,000 Tibetan monasteries. Authorities in Xinjiang have defined 26 non secular actions, together with some practices of Islam, Christianity, and Tibetan Buddhism, as unlawful without authorities authorization. Regional laws stipulate no lessons, scripture research groups, or non secular studies programs may be supplied by any group or establishment with out prior authorities approval. No non secular group is permitted to hold out any spiritual activities, including preaching, missionary work, proselytizing, and ordaining clergy, without authorities approval. Many NGOs estimated the number being interred was greater. The Globe and Mail reported in September that some Uighur Christians were additionally being held. In 2018 the Australian Strategic Policy Institute analyzed 28 camps detaining Xinjiang residents. ASPI reported, “Estimates of the total quantity vary, however current media reviews have identified roughly 180 facilities and a few estimates vary as excessive as 1,200 across the region. Since early 2016 there has been a 465 % growth in the dimension of the 28 camps recognized in this report.” In November RFA reported that Adrian Zenz, a German researcher, estimated the number of camps might exceed 1,000. Xinjiang officers require minors to complete nine years of obligatory training before they may obtain religious schooling outdoors of school. Xinjiang laws also forbid minors from taking part in non secular actions and impose penalties on organizations and people who “arrange, entice, or force” minors to take part in non secular activities. According to press reports, a regulation in effect since 2016 further bans any form of spiritual exercise in Xinjiang schools and stipulates dad and mom or guardians who “organize, lure, or pressure minors into spiritual activities” may be stopped by anyone and reported to police. According to Free Tibet, individuals were threatened with detention and different penalties if they didn't participate. Senior officers, including Deputy Director of the District People’s Congress Xu Xueguang, carried out inspections of the monasteries while exams had been underway. According to NGO reports, authorities continued “patriotic reeducation” campaigns at many monasteries and nunneries throughout the Tibetan Plateau. In May Sichuan provincial legislation enforcement officers introduced police would forcibly remove all underage monks and nuns from all monasteries within the province. The program, run by the UFWD, additionally included training on how to withstand the Dalai Lama and Tibetan separatism. Jalilova mentioned as of results of the injections women stopped menstruating. According to Tursun, medical doctors within the United States later told her she had been sterilized. In October PBS Newshour broadcast a segment on Xinjiang that showed video of a camp beneath building. The entrance to the constructing had an iron gate, the rooms looked like prison cells, and there have been bars on the home windows. In August The Independent reported Uighur Muslim girls had been being sterilized in internment camps, in accordance with former detainees. “They injected us once in a while,” said Gulbahar Jalilova, a Uighur living in exile, who was held for more than a year in an internment camp.

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Essay Writing Tips - Is Your Paper Writing Good Enough to Make a Good English Class Review?

Essay Writing Tips - Is Your Paper Writing Good Enough to Make a Good English Class Review?So you want to write a good paper for your English class, don't you? In order to make your writing better, there are some tips that will help you with writing a great paper.English is a difficult subject to write about. Students often struggle because they struggle with grammar and language, and will not know how to format their ideas for their English class. Once you have finished this course, however, it is important to format your paper well in order to make it easier for others to read and learn from.The first thing that you will need to do in order to make your writing better is to determine what type of paper you will be writing. Do you need to write an essay, or an essay on writing?If you want to be able to write an essay on writing, you need to look into the Essay Writing tips below. Writing essays on writing can be very useful if you want to have a quick idea on what you should do in y our paper, and you will not have to worry about spelling or grammar as much.For English classes, it is also important to take care of all of the grammar and punctuation in your paper, so as to make sure that your writing will be accepted by the other students in the class. These grammar and punctuation tips for writing an essay on writing will give you an advantage over other students.The essay writing tips listed above are great for writing an essay on writing for English classes. It is important to make sure that your paper has the right grammar and spelling in order to be accepted in class. After all, it is up to you to ensure that you are submitting your essay on writing to your teacher, so you do not want to disappoint him by submitting it poorly.To get a better idea on how to write an essay on writing for your English class, you can take a look at these online resources. They will give you all of the help that you need to give your writing a higher level of professionalism. If you need help with essay writing, these sites can help you learn and understand the rules for writing an essay on writing so that you will have more confidence when you are submitting your paper to the teacher.

Procrastination Is Never A Stranger - 4483 Words

Procrastination was never a stranger and never will be stranger to human. It existed in the society for a very long time, and existed in many cultures and regions alike. The word procrastination comes from the Latin word pro and crastinus . pro means forward and carstinus means tomorrow. Together it means to delay and postpone a work that is supposed to be completed right away. Every human being procrastinate. Procrastination comes to a person naturally, it only becomes important when you begin to procrastinate deliberately. When you start looking for reasons and other issues just to procrastinate your work then it is a very bad habit and you will need to rectify it right away. Procrastination happens in every field and in†¦show more content†¦They are often linked to the habits such as poor concentration, lack of interest in studies, depression, anxiety and these situations also act as a catalyst in the process of procrastination. CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF PROCRASTINATION The humans were the same as they were thousands of years ago as they are in present. They all have this unending and increasing tendency to put off the works and procrastinate their immediate commitments. The historical researchers and scientists has found that in the Jewish ethical teaching articles which was published in 200 C.E, showed many verses and lines that told people not to procrastinate and put off their commitments and other important works. Bible also tells and points out the people s tendency to put off important things. Jesus has said that the important duties and commitments must be fulfilled immediately. But the history has also taught us that the principle and the concept of procrastination varied with each and every culture. In the earlier days France was an aristocratic society and all the labours

Social Norms in Jane Austen´s Pride and Prejudice

Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is well noted for its ability to question social norms. Most importantly, Austen explores the institution of marriage, as it was in her time, a time where many married for security rather than love. Her characters Elizabeth and Charlotte are renowned even more for their outspoken nature and different views on marriage. Though both Elizabeth and Charlotte yearn for a happy marriage, Charlotte has a more pragmatic and mundane approach while Elizabeth is more romantic and daring with her actions. Through the romantic involvements of both Elizabeth and Charlotte, Austen shows that happiness in marriage is not entirely a matter of chance, but is instead contingent on an accurate evaluation of self and others†¦show more content†¦Charlotte certainly notices Mr. Collin’s ostentatious behavior but chooses to ignore it, â€Å" When Mr. Collins said any thing of which his wife might reasonably be ashamed, which was certainly not unseldom, [E lizabeth] involuntarily turned to Charlotte†¦ in general Charlotte wisely did not hear† (Austen 154). Charlotte does not even acknowledge her husband, talk of helping him improve himself. The narrator, a reliable source comments on Charlotte and Mr. Collin’s relationship: â€Å" When Mr. Collins could be forgotten, there was a great air of comfort throughout, and by Charlotte’s evident enjoyment of it, Elizabeth supposed he must be often forgotten† (Austen 155). Charlotte is content but not happy and yet so she is pleased with the life she has created for herself. Charlotte and her husband exist in different spheres as Charlotte clearly ensures that she has as little contact with Mr. Collins as possible. We see this in her set up of the parlor, otherwise â€Å" Mr. Collins would have undoubtedly been less in his own apartment as they sat in one equally†(Austen 164). Charlotte’s behavior with Mr. Collins is pre-meditated and well deliber ated; her union with Mr. Collins is one of avoidance than marriage. In contrast in Elizabeth’s relationship with Darcy, not only are Elizabeth and Darcy able to recognize each other’s vices, but ultimately their knowledge of these inadequacies makes them better people. AsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Jane Austin and Pride Prejudice1457 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austin is currently known today as one of the women who first developed the ideas related to feminism (Abrams). Jane’s work became prevalent in English literature during time of transition from neo-classicism to romanticism (Abrams). She was influenced by a number of other literary figures of her time, and by the society in which she lived. Her writing sometimes reflected earlier writers, whom she sometimes mocked because they always portrayed a perfect world in their writing and the world wasRead MoreAn Annotated Bibliography Of Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice 1561 Words   |  7 PagesGoing Against the Societal Norm in Pride and Prejudice: An Annotated Bibliography Thesis: Throughout the text of Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen challenges gender and social norms in the Georgian Era through the development of Elizabeth Bennet as she interacts with characters in the novel. Greenfield, Susan C. THE ABSENT-MINDED HEROINE: OR, ELIZABETH BENNET HAS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦A THOUGHT. Eighteenth - Century Studies, vol. 39, no. 3, 2006, pp. 337-350,419-420, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Arts Humanities Database, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.http://ncliveRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1189 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature April 21, 2016 Jane Austen s use of Satire in Pride and Prejudice Set in Nineteenth-century England, Jane Austen s Pride and Prejudice is a satirical novel focused on the ideals of social class and marriage. Austen plays on social behavior to show a society in which a woman s character is of the ultimate importance. A lady is expected to behave in a specific way and breaking the set social norms can put her at risk of being ostracized. In the 1800 s there were very little financialRead MoreThe Woman Of A Tradesman Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagesthe fact that Emma is unmistakably a flight from the usual and ordinary Austen s depiction of women, the other female characters in the novel bring to light the challenges confronting ladies without monetary autonomy. Miss Bates, Jane Fairfax, and Harriet Smith represent three conceivable situations for the women who do not have high social status and position like Emma. Miss Bates never wedded and is reliant on her mother s insignificant wage. With the passage of time, her neediness builds, asRead MorePri de And Prejudice By Jane Austen933 Words   |  4 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was first published in 1813(Gary vii) a time when women had â€Å"few legal and economic rights or even receiving little respect, women can be seen as oppressed victims of a patriarchal society, subordinate first to their fathers and, then, to their husbands who had, of course, been selected by their fathers† (Swords, 76-82). At first glance one might think that Pride and Prejudice reinforces sexist stereotypes, however upon further examination of Jane Austen and herRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1138 Words   |  5 PagesPride and Prejudice is a novel about the superficiality of marriage during the late 19th and early 20th century, which largely influenced the decisions made by individuals, based on connections and social rankings. The novel takes its characters through various changes influenced by their decision to or rather not to marry certain individuals. It beg ins not by a man desiring to marry for love, but by a mother who desires nothing more than to marry her daughters well. As the novel develops, Jane AustenRead MoreThe Theme of Society in Pride and Prejudice Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesOriginally written in the late 1700s, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice satirically depicts the universal ideals in Old Regency England, primarily regarding social class. Austen follows the development of an outspoken middle-class British woman, Elizabeth Bennet, as she encounters and overcomes the many social barriers that separate her from her wealthy upper-class neighbors. Throughout the novel, Lizzie must confront society’s class-consciousness, particularly with her family’s growing relationshipRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1693 Words   |  7 Pagesthe understanding of social, historical and cultural contexts through the reflections of illicit and explicit similarities and differences in the values and attribut es presented. Jane Austen’s 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice and Fay Weldon’s 1993 epistolary text Letters to Alice, both challenge the worth of their time as contexts change, but values are upheld. Weldon’s reflection on Austen’s nineteenth century environment, conveys to responders how marriage, gender roles and social class continue toRead MoreMarriage By Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice 1674 Words   |  7 PagesHowever, Jane Austen argued that people would marry strictly for money and stability, rather than true love. In Pride and Prejudice, she used Mrs. Bennet, Darcy, Mr. Bingley, and Jane as a way to introduce the topic of how society was during this era and the common misconceptions of stereotypes put on women. Women would marry these men to ensure that they would continue to have social and economic stability, and essentially have someone other than their parents to take care of them. Jane Austen displayedRead MoreJane Austen s Criticism And Ju dgment Of Socially Constructed Beliefs Of Women1199 Words   |  5 PagesBy developing unconventional female characters that defied social customs, Jane Austen utilized her literary pieces as a framework to critique misogynist beliefs formed by society. Living in a patriarchal society dominated by men and harsh gender roles in England, Jane Austen sought to transform cultural values. She used the ideology of marriage and her heroines’ refusal of courtship to effectively and strategically chastise sexist views on gender and marriage. Her development of defiant characters

Humanitarian Issue-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a reflection explaining how the common good is challenged or negated by this issue (see the Reading below) locally and globally. Answer: The world has faced severe humanitarian crisis since the end of the Second World War. It created drastic changes in the political, economic and social conditions in the four countries which included- Syria, Sudan, South Somalia and Yemen (Morgan, Bapat Kobayashi, 2014). In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that without effective collaboration and coordinated global efforts the prevailing conditions would exist in future and will bring mishaps to the inhabitants. In my point of view the principle of common good was greatly contradicted as a result of the ongoing conflict which is the current issue of concern to the nations. In this regard it is worth mentioning that the security and the well being of the inhabitants are in stake which largely negated the principles of common good. In this regard, my beliefs and ideas about the principles of common good have been emphasized in order to provide deeper meaning towards the attainment of common good. The lives of the individua ls are greatly influenced by the principles of justice which is deeply ingrained in social relationships (McGoldrick, 2014). In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that one can progress towards the attainment of common good through coordination, citizenship, collection action as well as active cooperation in public service (Cremers, 2017). However, at the end of the Second World War, great crisis were influenced by the inhabitants. The nations witnessed the death of over one million children due to disease and starvation which was as a result of the struggle for existence. According to my perspective, with the end of the Second World War, the economic and social conditions of these countries have undergone drastic changes and in order to improve their conditions there should have been coordinated efforts both locally and globally. The local civilians made efforts to improve the condition however without global assistance the social and economic conditions cannot be restored. Therefore, it can be rightly stated that the principle of common good has been challenged both locally and globally as the nations failed to provide active participation and cooperation in addressing the issues faced by the countries in distress during crisis. In order to address the challenges of common good related to support within groups and communities as a means of effective advocacy various important factors can be emphasized. In my perspective, it is important that the government agencies must encourage active participation of groups across geographical boundaries for the purpose of funding and developing community projects. It is necessary on the part of the government agencies to determine the areas that have been largely affected as a result of war. It is essential to provide effective advocacy in order to undermine their interests and well being. In this regard the fifth principle of CST can be applied which is the role of the Government and Subsidiary. According to this principle the motive of the state is to protect human dignity in order to achieve common good. However, the functions of the government are held by the principle of subsidiary. The second principle of CST which is attainment of Common Good and Community can be significantly applied in order to address such challenges. With the help of this principle the rights incorporated in relationship between human communities can be realized (Bane, 2014). In order to contribute to the betterment of the society and the community it is important to have love and feeling of togetherness for the neighbors (Sekerk, 2016). Such factors contribute to the attainment of common good. In order to address the challenges related to exposure to hazards, a different approach of advocacy can be involved. In this approach there can be an involvement of both social connectedness and a sense of moral efficacy. In this regard, the fourth and fifth principles of CST can be applied which are- Rights and Responsibilities and Role of the Government and Subsidiary. According to these principles of CST human dignity can be protected and healthy community can be attainted when responsibilities are shared among each other (McCann, 2014). Every individual possesses fundamental right to life and the basic necessities of shelter, food and proper healthcare (Hrynkow O'Hara, 2014). Therefore, in my perspective, it is necessary for the part of the government and subsidiary to participate in various political institutions in order to achieve goals towards the attainment of common good and human dignity. According to my point of view, in order to address the challenges effectively it is vital on the part of the government to develop and promote public policies. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that since time immemorial, various policies were developed by the government which vastly affected community health. However, such policies were mainly formulated by both governmental and non-governmental bodies such as corporations and professional institutions. In my perspective, institution of policy involves a matter of advocacy. However, it is important that such policies equally address the susceptibility, liability and consequences arising as a result of conflict that has been creating unhealthy conditions for the population. In my perspective, there is a need to change policies which begins with the government initiative. In this regard the legislators as well as the appointed official should take active participation in order to improve health and development outcomes of the inhabitants suffered as a result of war and crisis. In recent era the process of changing policies are often employed with various difficulties. However, with the implementation of new policies, health and economic conditions in the affected areas can be improved effectively in the long run. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that the eighth and tenth principles of the CST can be applied in this regard which involves- Promotion of Peace and Disarmament and Global Solidarity and Development. Since time immemorial, Catholic teaching has promoted the significance of peace by stating that peace can not only be attained in the absence of war but also through mutual appreciation and determination among the nations (Hill Capella, 2014 ). References: Bane, M. J. (2014). Catholic social teachings, American politics and inequality.Journal of Catholic Social Thought,11(2), 391-404. Cremers, M. (2017). What corporate governance can learn from catholic social teaching.Journal of Business Ethics,145(4), 711-724. Hill, R. P., Capella, M. L. (2014). Impoverished consumers, Catholic social teaching, and distributive justice.Journal of Business Research,67(2), 32-41. Hrynkow, C., O'Hara, D. P. (2014). Catholic social teaching and climate justice from a peace studies perspective: current practice, tensions, and promise.New Theology Review,26(2), 23-32. McCann, D. P. (2014). Who is responsible for the common good? Catholic social teaching and the praxis of subsidiarity. InThe common good: Chinese and American perspectives(pp. 261-289). Springer, Dordrecht. McGoldrick, T. A. (2014). Episcopal conferences worldwide and catholic social thought, in theory and praxis: an update.Theological Studies,75(2), 376-403. Morgan, T. C., Bapat, N., Kobayashi, Y. (2014). Threat and imposition of economic sanctions 19452005: Updating the TIES dataset.Conflict Management and Peace Science,31(5), 541-558. Sekerk, M. (2016). Towards a worldwide (deliberative) democracy? Catholic social teaching and the idea of global governance.Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica,46(3), 291-311.

Practical Implications of Job Analysis in the Veterans Home free essay sample

Practical Implication of Job Analysis In the Veterans Home Administration The use of job analysis Is an effective tool in the realm of human resource management. Job analysis Is defined as a logical process to determine (1) purpose-the reason for the lob, (2) essential functions-the Job duties which are critical or fundamental to the performance of the job, (3) job setting-the work station and conditions where the essential functions are performed, and (4) job qualifications-the minimal skills an individual must possess to perform the essential functions. A job analysis describes he Job, not the person who fills it (Department of Labor, 2004). Using functional Job analysis, the Veterans Home Administration conducted a study of medical staffing and found an overlap of jobs and duties among its direct care providers. It also found the administrative support staff was being neutralized in their Jobs as well. The study was conducted on six primary care locations within the VIA system. We will write a custom essay sample on Practical Implications of Job Analysis in the Veterans Home or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Surveys were completed by participants and noted that among doctors, physician assistants, nurses and Luvs, they were completing 60 to 97 percent of the same tasks.Also with the bulk of the work being performed by these occupational fields, there was question to whether the clerks and support staff were being neutralized. Having several different occupational groups completing the same task caused decreased efficiency and increased the likely hood of medical errors. However it was noted that among some staff such as nurse practitioners, work was comparable to physicians and having better outcomes in some cases (Best, et al, 2006). It is clear that a redesign in clinical tasks and practices are needed to be made to optimize the efficiency of the medical staff.A more functional design was needed. One which would be based on clinical tasks being performed based on skill sets and competencies. This would help eliminate the overlap of tasks being performed. Using Job analysis would have proven to be a successful tool In preventing the overlap of duties among these health care professionals. Job analysis Is one of the building blocks of defining a Job description. It helps to define specifics tasks, such as starting Avis, dressing changes, and many others. This would allow the proper occupational group to perform the task based on skills sets and competencies.Job analysis would define what materials or tools may be needed for these tasks. It would define, based of skill level and the complexity of the task, which occupational group would need to perform specifics tasks. Finally, Job analysis will provide the information needed to form job descriptions for each occupational group. This information would have provided each occupational groups specific tasks required to prevent overlap. Job analysis would have provided the Information needed for Job ascriptions of each occupational group. In the case of the Veterans Health Administration, a Job description for each occupational group would have better defined what was being asked of each person. Each person would know exactly what is expected of them based on their level of education, skills and competencies. It doctors from performing the same or repeated tasks on patients. It would have also defined the roles of the neutralized support staff. This would allow them to perform to their skills level and competency as well. Job descriptions itself would eve made an impact on the organization and efficiency of the staff.In summary, the Veterans Health Administrations problem of Job overlap was a big problem. The repetitive tasks opened them medical errors which could have led to the death of a patient. Job analysis would have been a good tool to define the specific tasks and functions needed to provide health care to its patients. Job analysis also would have led to good Job descriptions for its healthcare staff. A Job description would have defined what was expected of each occupational group and would have had an impact on preventing the overlap of the Job tasks which were being performed.

The Receivers Important Role in Clear Communication

The Receiver's Important Role in Clear Communication In the communication process, the receiver is the listener, reader, or observer- that is, the  individual (or the group of individuals)  to whom a message is directed. The receiver is also called the audience  or decoder. The person who initiates a message in the communication process is called the sender. Put simply, an effective message is one thats received in the way that the sender intended. Problems can arise on both ends that prevent the intended message from getting through to the receiver. The Message and Potential Problems For example, Paige asks Bill a question verbally. The message travels through the air, the channel, to  Bills ears. He responds. Paige is the sender, the question is the message, and Bill is the receiver and gives Paige feedback by answering the question. Myriad areas and ways exist where problems could arise even in this short exchange. If Paige whispers, Bill might not hear it. Maybe he hears only a portion of it and responds to a question that wasnt actually asked, and so Paige is confused. Maybe theres background noise, or the question isnt clear. If Bill is distracted by something and not paying attention, he might miss some of the words and respond inappropriately- or he might miss the question entirely so that the exchange needs to begin again. If hes not looking at Paige when she asks the question, he would miss any body language that would provide subtext to the question. If Paige sends an email or text  message to Bill, problems might arise because Bill doesnt have Paiges body language or tone of voice to interpret, which could add  information to the message. Autocorrect might have inserted errors into the text, or a missing question mark might make a question seem like a statement. These are all hindrances to effective communication. The degree of effectiveness is determined by how much of the message is understood by the receiver. Decoding the Message In the book, Business Communication, authors Carol M. Lehman and Debbie D. DuFrene lay it out this way: The receivers task is to interpret the senders message, both verbal and nonverbal, with as little distortion as possible. The process of interpreting the message is known as decoding. Because words and nonverbal signals have different meanings to different people, countless problems can occur at this point in the communication process: The sender inadequately encodes the original message with words not present in the receivers vocabulary; ambiguous, nonspecific ideas; or nonverbal signals that distract the receiver or contradict the verbal message. The receiver is intimidated by the position or authority of the sender, resulting in a tension that prevents effective concentration on the message and failure to ask for needed clarification.The receiver prejudges the topic as too boring or difficult to understand and does not attempt to understand the message.The receiver is close-minded and unreceptive to new and different ideas. With the infinite number of breakdowns possible at each stage of the communication process, it is indeed a miracle that effective communication ever occurs. Even the environment or the receivers  emotional state can affect the decoding of the message, for example, distractions in the room, discomfort on the part of the receiver, or stress or anxiety that allow the receiver to insert subtext that the sender didnt intend. Knowledge of social or cultural contexts can hinder the receiver from picking up cues or responding appropriately as well. Relational contexts can color a message, too, as messages from close friends could be received differently than a message from a work supervisor. Importance of Feedback When its not clear to the sender that understanding has occurred on the part of the receiver, communication continues, for example, through follow-up questions from either party, further discussion, or the sender giving examples, rephrasing the information, or other means of clarification to get the sender and receiver on the same so-called wavelength. In a presentation, the sender might show charts or images to make a point more clear to the audience or reader. The more cues and channels that the receiver has and is open to receiving is often better; for example, it can be easy to misconstrue tone or subtext in an email or text message, while that same message would come through clearly if the receiver hears the persons voice or is speaking with them face to face.   In the book, Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating Targeted Communication Programs, authors Gary W. Selnow and William D. Crano note that body language and tone arent just communication on the senders side: Feedback in the interpersonal setting provides a running account of a receivers reception of a message. Obvious cues such as direct questions show how well a receiver is processing the information. But subtle indicators also may provide information. For instance, a receivers yawn, silence when comments are expected, or expressions of boredom suggest that selective exposure gates may be in operation. A receiver also may have tone and subtext in the feedback given to the sender, such as responding with sarcasm or anger, which might be missed if the feedback is text-only  but likely would not be missed if the parties can either see or hear each other or both.

Body Language and Facial Expression to Communicate

Body language and facial expressions All of us are trained in how to use this word. In other words, to communicate so that other people can understand. Usually, other people understand our meaning. In a conversation by telephone, it can communicate only by voice. In face-to-face conferences, some of the communication is done in a nonverbal way, often called body language or body movement. In some paragraphs, let's show you Body Language whether it is positive and negative, and why it is important to us. Successful communication has five aspects. Oral communication is the ability to speak clearly and concisely. Non verbal communication includes the ability to project positive body language and facial expressions. Hearing communication is the ability to listen to what others say and actually listen. Document communication is a technique used when writing text messages, reports, and other kinds of documents. Visual communication includes the ability to provide information using images a nd other visual aids. Nonverbal communication is a process of communicating by not transmitting or receiving word messages. This type of communication includes gesture, touch, body language, gesture, facial expression, and eye contact. Nonverbal communication also includes messages conveyed through important projects. For example, clothes and hairstyle are a type of nonverbal interaction that conveys information about individuals. As a general rule, nonverbal communication can be studied based on the place and situation of communication, the physical characteristics of the dialogue person, and the behavior of the dialogue person in the dialogue. Body language is a nonverbal communication that expresses or communicates information using physical behavior rather than words. Such behaviors include facial expression, body posture, gestures, movement of eyes, touch, use of space. Body language exists in animals and humans, but this article focuses on human language interpretation. It is also known as kinematics. Sign language is a complete language such as spoken language, can not confuse body language and sign language, because it has its own complicated grammar system and can display basic attributes existing in all languages. On the other hand, body language does not have a grammatical system, it does not have an absolute meaning corresponding to a specific movement, it needs to be interpreted extensively, so it is called language like sign language not. Body Language and Facial Expression to Communicate Body language and facial expressions All of us are trained in how to use this word. In other words, to communicate so that other people can understand. Usually, other people understand our meaning. In a conversation by telephone, it can communicate only by voice. In face-to-face conferences, some of the communication is done in a nonverbal way, often called body language or body movement. In some paragraphs, let's show you Body Language whether it is positive and negative, and why it is important to us. Successful communication has five aspects. Oral communication is the ability to speak clearly and concisely. Non verbal communication includes the ability to project positive body language and facial expressions. Hearing communication is the ability to listen to what others say and actually listen. Document communication is a technique used when writing text messages, reports, and other kinds of documents. Visual communication includes the ability to provide information using images a nd other visual aids. Nonverbal communication is a process of communicating by not transmitting or receiving word messages. This type of communication includes gesture, touch, body language, gesture, facial expression, and eye contact. Nonverbal communication also includes messages conveyed through important projects. For example, clothes and hairstyle are a type of nonverbal interaction that conveys information about individuals. As a general rule, nonverbal communication can be studied based on the place and situation of communication, the physical characteristics of the dialogue person, and the behavior of the dialogue person in the dialogue. Body language is a nonverbal communication that expresses or communicates information using physical behavior rather than words. Such behaviors include facial expression, body posture, gestures, movement of eyes, touch, use of space. Body language exists in animals and humans, but this article focuses on human language interpretation. It is also known as kinematics. Sign language is a complete language such as spoken language, can not confuse body language and sign language, because it has its own complicated grammar system and can display basic attributes existing in all languages. On the other hand, body language does not have a grammatical system, it does not have an absolute meaning corresponding to a specific movement, it needs to be interpreted extensively, so it is called language like sign language not.

Manifestation of Various Forms of Citizenship in British Education Essay

Manifestation of Various Forms of Citizenship in British Education System Since 1944 - Essay Example However, the Callaghan suggestions underpin them all; whether the policy is social or right based they are all consumers and the success of each approach have a trickle effect to local as well as global economy. The term citizenship have a number of implications: it means to be a member of a particular political community or state. It implies that, one has certain rights and responsibilities that are defined in law, such as the right to vote, the responsibility to pay taxes among others. This type of citizenship is referred to as nationality. Citizenship can also refer to individual's involvement in public life and affairs- that is the behaviours and actions of a citizen. This type of citizenship is sometimes referred to as "active citizenship". This definition of citizenship applies to a number of activities. They include among other; voting in elections, standing for political office and having interest in current affairs. It widens its wing to capture the moral and behavioural expectations of being a citizen of a particular political community (Citizenship Foundation &DfES, 2004, Chap 1). According to Crick report, citizenship education should be included in the National Curriculum in order to educate the children the importance of knowing the rights of being a citizen and the role of a citizen in the society (Cric... tizenship education should be included in the National Curriculum in order to educate the children the importance of knowing the rights of being a citizen and the role of a citizen in the society (Crick, 1998). Social citizenship British education system manifests various forms of citizenships. Since 1944, Social citizenship has been the defining element in British education system policies characterized by a number of Acts of parliament and Circulars. The social citizenship was brought about in the 21st century as the British and most of capitalist states embraced the concept of welfare states after 1944. These welfare states systems brought a drastic and radical change to the paradigm of political, social and economic constraints of British citizens as well as many social institutions. The education system was not an exception. Welfare states since then have affected the citizens' choices in life by redistribution of resources which have so far opened and widened social opportunities and possibilities as noted by Twine. (Twine, F, 1994, p. 2). According to Wincott, post-war welfare state in Britain remained powerful. The welfare propagated by then stated that Citizens should have equal access to public services based on need not place of residence. However, he laments that Britain devolution policy led to the loss of initial status as an exemplary welfare state. The system failed to provide an adequate territorial framework for the development of social policy. Nevertheless, individual federal units in government have been championing the social citizenship in various sectors of the British society. The most conspicuous of these sectors where social citizenship is widely applicable is education sector. The British education policy hold that every citizen has a

E- business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

E- business - Research Paper Example as brought in the business world, theories that govern the E- business and thereby highlighting the applications used in the computers to support E-business. The term E -business is generally used to describe any kind of business that is done on the internet, or utilizing internet technologies to improve the productivity and the profitability of a business. It is a firm which conducts most of its daily business functions over the internet and other electronic networks (BusinessDictionary, 2012). Despite E -business tracing its emergence back to 1997, it’s still on its early stages of use, especially in third world countries. The united Consensus Becan, defines it as any procedure that a business organization or company happens to conducts over a mainly computer dependent network. This process involves the production of customer satisfaction and the internal management focused on a business process. The process itself takes place online, it involves all users via internet and to specified users via extranet. The three main types of E- business include; business to customer (B2C) which is basically the exchange of information products or services that involves a business firm and a customer via internet. The other type of E- business is business to business (B2B). It involves large money transfers (Yale University, 2012). B2B is responsible for constantly changing corporate buying habits. A good example is a car company selling parts to car dealers of other companies r ather than dealing with customers directly. Business to Government (B2G) is another form of business, which is basically the online exchange of information between a business company and government agencies via electronic means as is the case where a company offering electronic task firm. Transactions that occur within the selected E business process are completed when an eventual agreement is finally reached between the two negotiating parties involved. This involves the buyer and the seller.

Plato’s Republic: Justice and Injustice in Thrasymachus Account Essay

Plato’s Republic: Justice and Injustice in Thrasymachus' Account ABSTRACT: This paper has a two-fold task. First, I show that there are three types of individuals associated with the Thrasymachean view of society: (a) the many, i.e., the ruled or those exploited individuals who are just and obey the laws of the society; (b) the tyrant or ruler who sets down laws in the society in order to exploit the many for personal advantage; (c) the "stronger" individual (kreittoon) or member of the society who is detached from the many and aspires to become the tyrant. Second, I argue that if Thrasymachus’s account of the perfectly unjust life of the tyrant is to be more than a theoretical ideal, then the stronger individual who aspires to the tyrant’s position would do well to lead a double life—namely, pursuing private injustice while maintaining the public ‘appearance’ of justice. My interpretation accords with that of Glaucon, noted at the beginning of Republic II. I want to extend Glaucon’s interpretation to inclu de the stronger individual as well. I argue that the standpoint of the stronger individual, as distinct from the standpoints of the tyrant and the many, shows Thrasymachus’s three statements regarding justice to be consistent with one another. I. In the beginning of Republic II, during a conversation with Socrates and Adeimantus about which individual is deemed happier, the one who is just or the one who is unjust, Glaucon states: For the extreme of injustice is to seem to be just when one is not. So the perfectly unjust man must be given the most perfect injustice, and nothing must be taken away; he must be allowed to do the greatest injustices while having provided himself with the greatest reputation for justice... ...ggestion commits him to the immoralist position and (quite unfortunately) to an inconsistent position overall. Cf.. "Thrasymachus and Justice: A Reply," p. 14; An Introduction to Plato's Republic, p. 42. In their commentary Cross and Woozley maintain that Thrasymachus’ position would have remained consistent had he accepted Cleitophon’s suggestion. As they see it, there would then be "no conflict between its being just to serve what the stronger (ruler) believes to be his interest and its being just to obey the ruler, for while a ruler may make a mistake as to what actually is his interest he will hardly make a mistake as to what he believes to be his interest; and if it is right for subjects to do what the ruler believes to be in his interest, it will not matter what the ruler is mistaken in believing so." Cf.. Plato’s Republic: A Philosophical Commentary, p. 46.

The Alcatel Lucent Merger

Running Head: THE ALCATEL-LUCENT MERGER ! The Alcatel-Lucent Merger-What went wrong? American Public University 1 THE ALCATEL-LUCENT MERGER ! 2 The Alcatel-Lucent Merger-What went wrong? Referring to the case and this chapter, discuss what conditions and negotiation factors pushed forth the merger in 2006 that were not present in 2001. In 1999, as the Internet boom was approaching its apex, Lucent Technologies was the world’s largest telecommunications equipment company (Lazonick & March, 2011). With revenues of $38. 3 billion, net income of $4. billion, and 153,000 employees for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999, Lucent was larger and more profitable than Nortel, Alcatel, and Ericsson, its three major global competitors (Lazonick & March, 2011). Unfortunately for Lucent, as quickly as it rose to the top, it began to fall to the bottom. Lucent recognized, and so did its competitors, that something had to be done to sustain profitability in its market. In 2001, Alcatel of France, the communications equipment maker in Paris, and Lucent Technologies, the U. S. telecommunications giant, began negotiations for a merger of the two companies (Deresky, 2011, p. 76). In 2001, many communications companies began to see a fall in sales due to an internet crash. Companies like Lucent that were just years prior at the top of its game in the market were now quickly loosing sales and on the brink of bankruptcy (Lazonick & March, 2011). Creating a merger was a choice that Lucent had to again gain power and profitability, but mergers rarely go easily. As in this case there are two competitors attempting to come together and negotiate for a mutually acceptable agreement that affects the future of both companies and the employees.THE ALCATEL-LUCENT MERGER ! 3 By the mid-2000s it became evident that Lucent was faced with the choice of becoming merely a â€Å"niche† player in the communications technology industry or finding a partner to supplement its resourc es so that it could compete once again as a â€Å"full line† supplier. In May 2001, Alcatel and Lucent held initial merger talks with a view to creating a $50 billion global firm. A year earlier Lucent would have dominated such a combination. By May 2001, however, Lucent had already been severely damaged by the downturn in the telecommunications industry.In contrast, Alcatel sales and profits remained strong at the time of those merger talks. If the merger had gone through, Alcatel shareholders would have owned 58 percent of the combined company. It had been agreed that the new headquarters would be in Murray Hill, New Jersey and that Alcatel Chairman Serge Tchuruk would run the company. In the end, the 2001 merger failed when Alcatel insisted that because of its stronger position it would select 8 of the 14 board members, while Lucent Chairman Henry Schacht insisted that his company send two more members for an even split (Sorkin and Romero 2001).The 2001 merger was not succ essful because negotiations were not successful. For longterm positive relations, the goal should be to set up a win-win situation-that is to bring about a settlement beneficial to all parties concerned (Deresky, 2011, p. 152). Unfortunately, that was not the case with this merger. The two companies could not agree on how much control the French company would have. Lucent’s executives apparently wanted the deal as a â€Å"merger of equals,† rather than a takeover by Aslcatel (Deresky, 2011, p. 176).Furthermore, according to Deresky (2011), the negotiation process should encompass fives stages: preparation, relationship building, exchange of task-related information, persuasion, and concessions and agreement (p. 153). The entire negotiation process in 2001 had flaws. THE ALCATEL-LUCENT MERGER ! 4 Research the status of the merged company at the time of your reading this case. What has happened in the industry since the merger, and how is the company faring? In 2006, Alc atel was almost twice the size of Lucent in terms of revenues and employes when the merger that created Alcatel-Lucent took place (Lazonick & March, 2011).Since then, the merger has proven to be successful overall. To support this, in February 2013, a five year managed services agreement was announced by Alcatel-Lucent with KPN, the leading telecommunications service provider in the Netherlands (Mena Report, 2013). According to the report, Alcatel-Lucent will plan, design and implement an end-to-end solution to provide KPNs network with increased capacity, upgraded equipment, and best-in-class customer service processes.Alcatel-Lucent will also help KPN transform its existing multi-vendor voice and core networks enabling its customers to access and share multimedia content from wherever they are or using the device of their choice be it a smartphone, computer or tablet (Mena Report, 2013). Two years after the merger, Alcatel-Lucent University received a certificate of quality from t he European Foundation for Management Development, an honor bestowed on only 14 corporate universities throughout Europe (Alcatel-Lucent University, 2010).Evaluate the comment that the merger is â€Å"a giant transatlantic experiment in multicultural diversity. † What evidence is there that the company has run into cross-cultural problems since the merger took place in 2006? THE ALCATEL-LUCENT MERGER ! The comment was made because there were so many multicultural and diversity issues surrounding the merger. While Lucent was an American company that conducted its business within the borders of the United States, Alcatel was already a global business before the merger.Alcatel â€Å"already operated as an international company with a wide mix of nationalities† (Deresky, 2011, p. 176). The question was raised by many during the merger, â€Å"how will the merged company deal with cross-cultural conflicts? †, but Tchuruk said that, while cultural issues could arise, e verything is under way to make sure this human factor is dealt with (Deresky, 2011, p. 176). This statement of confidence was actually part of the reason why the merger was actually somewhat ironically poised with problems because there were indeed many problems related to multicultural diversity.Some of these problems included language barriers between members of the merged companies, their stockholders, and other stakeholders. Analysts quickly suggested that the corporate culture of Lucent clashed with Alcatel’s French business model (Deresky, 2011, p. 177). This was coupled with Russo’s inability to work well with Tchuruk and it soon became clear that it was a poor decision to appoint leaders based on their nationality rather than their skills. Russo was also the first woman to run a company listed on the CAC 40 in the male dominated world where French business and politics overlap (Deresky, 2011, p. 77). Chinese rivals were also at Alcatel-Lucent’s doorstep providing similar service and technology for less money. According to Deresky (2011), a Barron’s article in August 2008 noted that â€Å"while it might have been helpful if outgoing CEO Patricia Russo had spoken French, that’s not why she and Chairman Serge Tchuruk failed to make a go of the 2006 merger of Alcatel and Lucent Technologies (p. 177). 5 THE ALCATEL-LUCENT MERGER ! 6 How much of the decline do you attribute to leadership problems, as opposed to industry factors?I think the majority of the decline was attributed to leadership problems. The structure of the organization is only effective if the leaders within it are committed to achieving company objectives and working with each other as a team. They must perform their roles and responsibilities knowledgeably and creatively when necessary. The cultural change that was required to create an entrepreneurial sprit throughout the company began with executives being willing to relinquish some of their existing co ntrol to drive decision making downward through the organization.The purpose was to enable faster and better decisions and more competitive responses to market conditions and customer desires (Lazonick & March, 2010). What, if any, factors should have been negotiated differently? Just about everything should have been done differently during the attempted first merger in 2001, but both companies did learn a lot from that merger and they were better prepared in 2006, although still a far cry from being as ready as they should have been.The executives of both companies really did not take cultural values and differences into consideration as much as they should have and as it turned out they had a difficult time communicating with each other, not only due to language barriers, but also just because business was conducted so differently between the French and American cultures. THE ALCATEL-LUCENT MERGER ! 7 References Alcatel-lucent to transform KPN s fixed network operations in the ne therlands over next five years. (2013). MENA Report, Retrieved from http://search. roquest. com/docview/ 1313279184? accountid=8289 Alcatel-lucent university. (2010). Development and Learning in Organizations, 24(2), 31-32. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/14777281011019515 Lazonick, W. , & March, E. (2011). The rise and demise of lucent technologies. Journal of Strategic Management Education, 7(4), 201-270. Retrieved from http:// search. proquest. com/docview/1015336210? accountid=8289 Sorkin, Andrew Ross, and Simon Romero, 2001, Alcatel and Lucent call off negotiations toward a merger. New York Times, May 30. The Alcatel Lucent Merger Running Head: THE ALCATEL-LUCENT MERGER ! The Alcatel-Lucent Merger-What went wrong? American Public University 1 THE ALCATEL-LUCENT MERGER ! 2 The Alcatel-Lucent Merger-What went wrong? Referring to the case and this chapter, discuss what conditions and negotiation factors pushed forth the merger in 2006 that were not present in 2001. In 1999, as the Internet boom was approaching its apex, Lucent Technologies was the world’s largest telecommunications equipment company (Lazonick & March, 2011). With revenues of $38. 3 billion, net income of $4. billion, and 153,000 employees for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999, Lucent was larger and more profitable than Nortel, Alcatel, and Ericsson, its three major global competitors (Lazonick & March, 2011). Unfortunately for Lucent, as quickly as it rose to the top, it began to fall to the bottom. Lucent recognized, and so did its competitors, that something had to be done to sustain profitability in its market. In 2001, Alcatel of France, the communications equipment maker in Paris, and Lucent Technologies, the U. S. telecommunications giant, began negotiations for a merger of the two companies (Deresky, 2011, p. 76). In 2001, many communications companies began to see a fall in sales due to an internet crash. Companies like Lucent that were just years prior at the top of its game in the market were now quickly loosing sales and on the brink of bankruptcy (Lazonick & March, 2011). Creating a merger was a choice that Lucent had to again gain power and profitability, but mergers rarely go easily. As in this case there are two competitors attempting to come together and negotiate for a mutually acceptable agreement that affects the future of both companies and the employees.THE ALCATEL-LUCENT MERGER ! 3 By the mid-2000s it became evident that Lucent was faced with the choice of becoming merely a â€Å"niche† player in the communications technology industry or finding a partner to supplement its resourc es so that it could compete once again as a â€Å"full line† supplier. In May 2001, Alcatel and Lucent held initial merger talks with a view to creating a $50 billion global firm. A year earlier Lucent would have dominated such a combination. By May 2001, however, Lucent had already been severely damaged by the downturn in the telecommunications industry.In contrast, Alcatel sales and profits remained strong at the time of those merger talks. If the merger had gone through, Alcatel shareholders would have owned 58 percent of the combined company. It had been agreed that the new headquarters would be in Murray Hill, New Jersey and that Alcatel Chairman Serge Tchuruk would run the company. In the end, the 2001 merger failed when Alcatel insisted that because of its stronger position it would select 8 of the 14 board members, while Lucent Chairman Henry Schacht insisted that his company send two more members for an even split (Sorkin and Romero 2001).The 2001 merger was not succ essful because negotiations were not successful. For longterm positive relations, the goal should be to set up a win-win situation-that is to bring about a settlement beneficial to all parties concerned (Deresky, 2011, p. 152). Unfortunately, that was not the case with this merger. The two companies could not agree on how much control the French company would have. Lucent’s executives apparently wanted the deal as a â€Å"merger of equals,† rather than a takeover by Aslcatel (Deresky, 2011, p. 176).Furthermore, according to Deresky (2011), the negotiation process should encompass fives stages: preparation, relationship building, exchange of task-related information, persuasion, and concessions and agreement (p. 153). The entire negotiation process in 2001 had flaws. THE ALCATEL-LUCENT MERGER ! 4 Research the status of the merged company at the time of your reading this case. What has happened in the industry since the merger, and how is the company faring? In 2006, Alc atel was almost twice the size of Lucent in terms of revenues and employes when the merger that created Alcatel-Lucent took place (Lazonick & March, 2011).Since then, the merger has proven to be successful overall. To support this, in February 2013, a five year managed services agreement was announced by Alcatel-Lucent with KPN, the leading telecommunications service provider in the Netherlands (Mena Report, 2013). According to the report, Alcatel-Lucent will plan, design and implement an end-to-end solution to provide KPNs network with increased capacity, upgraded equipment, and best-in-class customer service processes.Alcatel-Lucent will also help KPN transform its existing multi-vendor voice and core networks enabling its customers to access and share multimedia content from wherever they are or using the device of their choice be it a smartphone, computer or tablet (Mena Report, 2013). Two years after the merger, Alcatel-Lucent University received a certificate of quality from t he European Foundation for Management Development, an honor bestowed on only 14 corporate universities throughout Europe (Alcatel-Lucent University, 2010).Evaluate the comment that the merger is â€Å"a giant transatlantic experiment in multicultural diversity. † What evidence is there that the company has run into cross-cultural problems since the merger took place in 2006? THE ALCATEL-LUCENT MERGER ! The comment was made because there were so many multicultural and diversity issues surrounding the merger. While Lucent was an American company that conducted its business within the borders of the United States, Alcatel was already a global business before the merger.Alcatel â€Å"already operated as an international company with a wide mix of nationalities† (Deresky, 2011, p. 176). The question was raised by many during the merger, â€Å"how will the merged company deal with cross-cultural conflicts? †, but Tchuruk said that, while cultural issues could arise, e verything is under way to make sure this human factor is dealt with (Deresky, 2011, p. 176). This statement of confidence was actually part of the reason why the merger was actually somewhat ironically poised with problems because there were indeed many problems related to multicultural diversity.Some of these problems included language barriers between members of the merged companies, their stockholders, and other stakeholders. Analysts quickly suggested that the corporate culture of Lucent clashed with Alcatel’s French business model (Deresky, 2011, p. 177). This was coupled with Russo’s inability to work well with Tchuruk and it soon became clear that it was a poor decision to appoint leaders based on their nationality rather than their skills. Russo was also the first woman to run a company listed on the CAC 40 in the male dominated world where French business and politics overlap (Deresky, 2011, p. 77). Chinese rivals were also at Alcatel-Lucent’s doorstep providing similar service and technology for less money. According to Deresky (2011), a Barron’s article in August 2008 noted that â€Å"while it might have been helpful if outgoing CEO Patricia Russo had spoken French, that’s not why she and Chairman Serge Tchuruk failed to make a go of the 2006 merger of Alcatel and Lucent Technologies (p. 177). 5 THE ALCATEL-LUCENT MERGER ! 6 How much of the decline do you attribute to leadership problems, as opposed to industry factors?I think the majority of the decline was attributed to leadership problems. The structure of the organization is only effective if the leaders within it are committed to achieving company objectives and working with each other as a team. They must perform their roles and responsibilities knowledgeably and creatively when necessary. The cultural change that was required to create an entrepreneurial sprit throughout the company began with executives being willing to relinquish some of their existing co ntrol to drive decision making downward through the organization.The purpose was to enable faster and better decisions and more competitive responses to market conditions and customer desires (Lazonick & March, 2010). What, if any, factors should have been negotiated differently? Just about everything should have been done differently during the attempted first merger in 2001, but both companies did learn a lot from that merger and they were better prepared in 2006, although still a far cry from being as ready as they should have been.The executives of both companies really did not take cultural values and differences into consideration as much as they should have and as it turned out they had a difficult time communicating with each other, not only due to language barriers, but also just because business was conducted so differently between the French and American cultures. THE ALCATEL-LUCENT MERGER ! 7 References Alcatel-lucent to transform KPN s fixed network operations in the ne therlands over next five years. (2013). MENA Report, Retrieved from http://search. roquest. com/docview/ 1313279184? accountid=8289 Alcatel-lucent university. (2010). Development and Learning in Organizations, 24(2), 31-32. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/14777281011019515 Lazonick, W. , & March, E. (2011). The rise and demise of lucent technologies. Journal of Strategic Management Education, 7(4), 201-270. Retrieved from http:// search. proquest. com/docview/1015336210? accountid=8289 Sorkin, Andrew Ross, and Simon Romero, 2001, Alcatel and Lucent call off negotiations toward a merger. New York Times, May 30.